ʻIke o ka lens
ʻO ka mua, nā lens optics
Nā leka hoʻoponopono: ʻo ke kumu nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā aniani e hoʻoponopono i ka hewa refractive o ka maka kanaka a hoʻonui i ka ʻike.ʻO nā aniani me ia ʻano hana i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā aniani hoʻoponopono".
ʻO nā aniani hoʻoponopono maʻamau he lens hoʻokahi, i hana ʻia me ke aniani a i ʻole ka plastik maʻemaʻe.ʻO ka mea maʻalahi ka hui pū ʻana o ʻelua mau pōʻai i loaʻa kekahi stroma refractive māmā a ʻano like ʻole i ʻoi aku ka ʻoi ma mua o ka ea, i kapa ʻia he lens.Hoʻopiʻi ʻia kahi kukuna o ka mālamalama e hoʻopuehu ʻia mai kahi kiko ma kahi mea ākea e ka leki e hana i kahi kiko kiʻi hoʻokahi a ua hui ʻia nā kiʻi he nui e hana i kiʻi.
Lens:
E like me nā waiwai o ka lens, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka lens maikaʻi a i ʻole ka lens maikaʻi ʻole.
1. Hoʻonui Lens
ʻIke pū ʻia he lens convex, convergence māmā, me ka "+".
(2) Minus Lens
ʻIke ʻia hoʻi he lens concave, he hopena dispersive ka mālamalama, hōʻike ʻia e "-".
ʻElua mau manaʻo like ʻole e pili ana i ke kumu e hiki ai i nā aniani hoʻoponopono ke hoʻoponopono i ka hewa refractive o ka maka kanaka:
1. Ma hope o ka hui ʻana o ka maka aberration me ka lens hoʻoponopono, hoʻokumu ʻia kahi hui refractive holoʻokoʻa.He diopter hou keia hui refractive hui, hiki ke hana i ke kii mea mamao ma ka papa photoreceptor o ka retina o ka maka.
2. Ma na maka maka, e huiia na kaola mamua o ka hui ana ma na maka kanaka;I nā maka myopic, pono e ʻokoʻa nā kaola ma mua o ka hui ʻana me ka maka kanaka.Hoʻohana ʻia ka diopter kūpono o nā aniani orthotic e hoʻololi i ka ʻokoʻa o ka lāʻau i hiki i ka maka.
ʻŌlelo maʻamau no ka lens spherical
Curvature: Curvature o kahi poepoe.
ø ʻO ka radius o ka curvature: ka radius o ka curvature o kahi arc spherical.ʻOi aku ka pōkole o ka radius o ka curvature, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka curvature o ke arc spherical.
ø Optical Center: Ke kuhikuhi ʻia nā kukuna māmā ma kēia wahi, ʻaʻohe wili a huli.
Huli nā kukuna kukui like i kahi kiko ma hope o ka hele ʻana i ka lens, a i ʻole ka laina hoʻolōʻihi hope e hui i kahi kiko, i kapa ʻia ʻo Focus.
ʻO ka refraction o nā aniani
I ka makahiki 1899, manaʻo ʻo Gullstrand e lawe i ka pānaʻi o ka lōʻihi kikoʻī ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka ikaika refraction o ka lens, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Dioptre" a i ʻole "D" (ʻike pū ʻia ʻo ke degere focal).
D=1/f
ʻAuhea, f ka lōʻihi kiko o ka lens ma nā mika;ʻO D no ka diopter.
No ka laʻana: 2 mika ka lōʻihi kiko, D=1/2=0.50D
ʻO 0.25 m ka lōʻihi kiko, D=1/0.25=4.00D
Diopter pōʻai
Kumu: F = N '- (N)/R
ʻO R ka radius o ka curvature o kahi pōʻai ma nā mika.ʻO N 'a me N nā hōʻailona refractive o ka media refractive ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka pōʻai.No ke aniani leialii, ke R=0.25 m,
F= (1.523-1.00) /0.25=2.092D
ʻO ka lens maka he lens i haku ʻia me ʻelua mau pōʻai, nona nā diopters ua like me ka huina algebraic o nā diopters spherical o nā lens mua a me hope.
D=F1+F2= (n1-n) /R1+ (N-n1) /R2= (N1-1) (1/R1-1/R2)
No laila, pili ka refraction o ka lens i ka refractive index o ka mea lens a me ka radius o ka curvature o ka mua a me ka hope o ka lens.Ua like ka radius o ka curvature o ka mua a me ka hope o ka lens, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka refractive index, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai paʻa o ka diopter lens.ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka lens me ka diopter hoʻokahi he ʻano kuhikuhi refractive nui a me kahi ʻokoʻa radius liʻiliʻi ma waena o mua a me hope.
ʻElua, ke ʻano o ka lens
Māhele (luminosity) e nā waiwai refractive
aniani pālahalaha: aniani pālahalaha, ʻaʻohe aniani;
aniani pōʻai: spherical luminosity;
ʻO ke aniani cylindrical: astigmatism;
3. E hoʻololi i ke ala o ka mālamalama (e hoʻoponopono i kekahi mau maʻi maka).
Ma muli o keʻano o ka nānāʻana
ʻO nā leki makaʻole: palahalaha, prism;
ʻO nā leki maka hoʻokahi: myopia, ʻike maka ʻole;
Lens multifocal: lens focal ʻelua a i ʻole lens holomua
Ma muli o nā waiwai hana
Hoʻoponopono maka
ʻino ʻino
ka hoʻoponopono ʻana
Amblyopia aniani
palekana
Palekana mai ka malamalama ino;
E hoʻomalu i ke kukui ʻike ʻia (Nā maka aniani)
Ka pale ʻana i nā mea ʻino (nā makaʻala pale)
E like me nā mea waiwai
ʻO ka mea kūlohelohe
Mea aniani
Mea palaki
ʻO ke kolu, ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea lens
ʻO ka mea kūlohelohe
Lens kristal: ʻO ka mea nui he silica.Māhele ʻia i ʻelua ʻano ʻano kala ʻole a me ka ʻulaʻula.
Pōmaikaʻi: paʻakikī, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke komo;ʻAʻole maʻalahi ka pulu (ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka noe e paʻa ma luna o kona ʻili);He liʻiliʻi ka coefficient o ka hoʻonui wela.
Nā pōʻino: loaʻa i ka uv kahi ʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa, maʻalahi ke hana i ka luhi ʻike;ʻAʻole kūlike ka Density, maʻalahi ke loaʻa i nā haumia, ka hopena i ka birefringence;He pipiʻi.
aniani
1. Moʻolelo:
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke aniani Corona, a ʻo ka mea nui he silica.ʻO ka transmittance o ke kukui ʻike ʻia ʻo 80% -91.6% a ʻo ka refractive index ʻo 1.512-1.53.Eia nō naʻe, inā loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o ka refractive kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana ʻia ke aniani alakaʻi me ka index refractive kiʻekiʻe o 1.6-1.9.
2, nā hiʻohiʻona optical:
(1) Helu kuhikuhipuʻuone: n=1.523, 1.702, etc
(2) hoʻopuehu: no ka mea, aia nā refractions ʻokoʻa no nā lōʻihi nalu like ʻole o ka mālamalama
(3) Hoʻohālike o ka mālamalama: ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka helu refractive, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noʻonoʻo
(4) absorption: ke hele ka malamalama ma ke aniani, emi kona ikaika me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mānoanoa.
(5) Birefringence: koi ʻia ka isotropy
(6) Fringe degere: ma muli o ke ʻano kemika ʻole i loko o ke aniani, ʻokoʻa ka ʻōlelo kuhikuhi refractive ma ka fringe mai ke kino nui o ke aniani, e pili ana i ka maikaʻi o ke kiʻi.
3. Nā ʻano o nā aniani aniani:
(1) Nā Papa Toric
ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka pā keʻokeʻo, ka pā keʻokeʻo, ka pā keʻokeʻo optical
Nā mea kumu: Sodium titanium silicate
Nā hiʻohiʻona: ʻaʻole waihoʻoluʻu i ka aniani, wehewehe kiʻekiʻe;Hiki iā ia ke komo i nā kukui ultraviolet ma lalo o 330A, a hoʻohui i ka CeO2 a me TiO2 i ka papa keʻokeʻo e pale i nā kukuna ultraviolet ma lalo o 346A, i kapa ʻia ʻo UV keʻokeʻo papa.ʻO ka transmittance o ka mālamalama ʻike ʻia ʻo 91-92%, a ʻo ka refractive index ʻo 1.523.
(2) ʻO ka papa Croxus
ʻO William o ʻEnelani i ka makahiki 1914. Hana ʻia e Croxus.
Nā hiʻohiʻona: 87% māmā
ʻElua kala kala: ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula ma lalo o ka lā, no laila i ʻike ʻia he uliuli.Akā, i loko o ke kukui incandescent he māmā ʻulaʻula (loaʻa ka neodymium metala element) hiki ke komo i ka 340A ma lalo o ultraviolet, ʻāpana o ka infrared a me ka 580A melemele ʻike ʻia;ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa
(3) Nā papa Croseto
Hoʻohui ʻia ʻo CeO2 a me MnO2 i loko o nā mea o ka lens base keʻokeʻo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke komo ʻana o ultraviolet.Ua kapa ʻia kēia ʻano lens he ʻulaʻula no ka mea e hōʻike ana i ka ʻulaʻula māmā ma lalo o ka lā a me ke kukui kukui.
Nā hiʻohiʻona: hiki iā ia ke komo i nā kukui ultraviolet ma lalo o 350A;ʻO ka transmittance ma luna o 88%;
(4) kiʻiʻoniʻoni ultra-thin
ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka TiO2 a me ka PbO i ka mea maka e hoʻonui ai i ka index refractive.ʻO 1.70 ka helu hoʻohālikelike,
Nā hiʻohiʻona: e pili ana i ka 1/3 ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ka papa keʻokeʻo maʻamau a i ʻole ʻulaʻula me ka diopter like, kūpono no ka myopia kiʻekiʻe, hiʻohiʻona nani;He haʻahaʻa ka ʻāpana Abbe, nui ka aberration o ka waihoʻoluʻu, maʻalahi e hoʻemi i ka ʻike peripheral, kulou laina, kala;Kiʻekiʻe ili reflectivity.
(5) 1.60 aniani aniani
Nā hiʻohiʻona: ʻO 1.60 ka helu refractive, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ka lens aniani maʻamau (1.523), a ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ka ultra-thin lens (1.70) he liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, no laila ʻoi aku ka māmā, kūpono loa i nā mea hoʻohana i ke kekelē waena, kapa ʻia kekahi mau mea hana. a me ka lens ultra-thin.
Nā leka uila
ʻO ka lens thermoplastic mua i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1940 (Acrylic)
I ka makahiki 1942, ua hana ʻo Pittsburgh plate Glass Company, USA, i mea CR-39, (ʻo C no Columbia Space Agency, R no Resin Resin) ʻoiai e hoʻomākaukau ana i nā mea no ka NASA Space Shuttle.
I ka makahiki 1954, ua hana ʻo Essilor i nā lens solar cr-39
I ka makahiki 1956, ua ho'āʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka hui ʻo Essilor ma Farani i ka lens optical me CR-39.
Mai ia manawa, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā lens resin ma ka honua.I ka makahiki 1994, ua hōʻea ka nui o ke kūʻai aku i ka honua i 30% o ka nui o nā lens.
ʻO nā lens plastik:
1, polymethyl methacrylate (pepa acrylic, ACRYLICLENS)]
Nā hiʻohiʻona: refractive index 1.499;Kaumaha kiko 1.19;Hoʻohana mua ʻia no nā leka pili paʻakikī;ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka paʻakikī, maʻalahi ka ʻili;I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia ia no nā aniani mākaukau, e like me nā aniani heluhelu readymade.
Pono: ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o nā aniani aniani.
Nā hemahema: ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili e like me ke aniani aniani;ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā hiʻohiʻona optical i nā lens aniani.
2, pepa resin (ʻo CR-39 ka mea hōʻike nui loa)
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona: ʻo propylene diethylene glycol carbonate ka inoa kemika, he mea paʻakikī a maopopo;ʻO 1.499 ka helu helu refractive;Hoʻouna 92%;Paʻa wela: ʻaʻohe deformation ma lalo o 150 ℃;ʻO ka wai maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa ʻino (koe wale ka waikawa ikaika), hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe.
Pōmaikaʻi: ka'umekaumaha kiko'ī o 1.32, hapalua o ke aniani, māmā;Ke kū'ē i ka hopena, hikiʻole ke haʻihaʻi, ka manaʻo palekana (e like me nā kūlana FDA);ʻoluʻolu e ʻaʻahu;ʻO ka hana maʻalahi, hoʻohana ākea (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hapalua pahu, frameless frame);ʻO nā huahana waiwai waiwai (māmā hoʻokahi, kukui pālua, multi-focus, cataract, hoʻololi kala, etc.);ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o kona hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe uv ma mua o ka lens aniani;Hiki ke kala ʻia i nā kala like ʻole;
He haʻahaʻa ka hana wela, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka "noe wai" i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka mahu wai ma mua o nā aniani aniani.
Nā pōʻino: maikaʻi ʻole ke kāʻei ʻana o ka lens, maʻalahi ke ʻoki;Me ka index refractive haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka lens ma mua o ka lens aniani.
Hoʻomohala:
(1) No ka lanakila ʻana i ka pale ʻana o ka mea, i ka waena o 1980s, ua kūleʻa ka ʻenehana paʻakikī ʻili o ka lens;ʻO ka leki resin maʻamau, ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili o 2-3h, ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka paʻakikī, ka paʻakikī a hiki i 4-5h, i kēia manawa, ua hoʻomaka nā hui he nui i ka paʻakikī a hiki i ka 6-7h super hard resin lens.(2) I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka mānoanoa o ka lens, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia nā lau resin me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi refractive like ʻole.
(3) ka mālama ʻana i ka noe wai: ka uhi ʻana i kahi papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni paʻakikī, ke kuleana no nā molekole mākū paʻa, ke kuleana o nā molekele hoʻoheheʻe wai, nā molekala paʻakikī o ka ʻili.Ke emi ka haʻahaʻa o ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka lens, e hoʻopuka ka membrane i ka wai.Ke kiʻekiʻe ka haʻahaʻa o ke kaiapuni ma mua o ka lens, e komo ka membrane i ka wai.Ke ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka haʻahaʻa ambient ma mua o ka haʻahaʻa o ka lens, e hoʻohuli nā molekole wai i ka wai i loko o kahi kiʻi wai.
3. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Polycarbonate (PC papa) he lens space ma ka mākeke.
Nā hiʻohiʻona: refractive index 1.586;Kaumaha māmā;He kūpono no nā papa frameless.
Pōmaikaʻi: Ke kū'ē i ka hopena ikaika;ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī ma mua o nā lens resin.
Nā leki kūikawā
Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Photochromic
Nā hiʻohiʻona: hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana halide kālā i ka mea maka o ka lens.Ma lalo o ka hana a nā kukuna ultraviolet i ka lā, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka halide kālā i nā ion halogen a me nā ion kālā, no laila e hoʻololi i ka waihoʻoluʻu.E like me ka ikaika o ke kukui ultraviolet i ka lā, ʻokoʻa ka degere o ka discoloration;Ke nalowale ka uv, hoʻololi ka lens i kona kala kumu.
Pōmaikaʻi: Hoʻoponopono i nā hewa refractive no nā maʻi a pāpālua e like me nā makaaniani ma waho.
Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka mālamalama i ka maka i kēlā me kēia manawa e mālama pono i ka ʻike;ʻAʻohe o kona ʻano hoʻololi ʻana, hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻo ia i ke kukui ultraviolet;
Nā hemahema: nā aniani mānoanoa, maʻamau 1.523 aniani;Ke kiʻekiʻe ke degere, ʻaʻole like ke kala (ʻoi aku ka māmā ma waena).Ma hope o ka manawa lōʻihi o ka lens, e lohi ka hopena discoloration a me ka wikiwiki o ka discoloration;ʻAʻole kūlike ke kala o ka pepa hoʻokahi
Nā kumu o ka wehe ʻana
1, ʻano kumu māmā: ultraviolet pōkole lōʻihi hawewe kukui irradiation, hoʻololi kala wikiwiki, ʻike nui;ʻO ka Ultraviolet lōʻihi hawewe māmā irradiation, hoʻololi lohi ka waihoʻoluʻu, ʻike liʻiliʻi.
2. ʻO ka māmā māmā: ʻO ka lōʻihi o ke kukui, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kala a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka manaʻo (plateau a me ka hau)
3, wela: ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka loli kala, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike.
4, ka mānoanoa o ka lens: ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka lens, ʻoi aku ka hohonu o ka neʻe ʻana o ka discoloration (ʻaʻohe hopena i ka wikiwiki)
Manaʻo kōkua no ke kūʻai ʻana i nā papa photochromic
1. I ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi pepa hoʻokahi, ʻokoʻa pinepine ke kala.Manaʻo ʻia e hoʻololi nā mea kūʻai aku i ʻelua ʻāpana i ka manawa like.
2, ma muli o ka lohi ʻana, pinepine i loko a i waho o nā mea kūʻai aku i loko, ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻia (nā haumāna)
3. Ma muli o ka mānoanoa o ka lens like ʻole a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka discoloration, ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole e kūlike inā ʻoi aku ka ʻokoʻa o ka diopter ma waena o nā maka ʻelua o ka mea kūʻai aku ma mua o 2.00d.
4, ʻeleʻele ka myopia kiʻekiʻe, ʻokoʻa ka ʻaoʻao a me ke kala waena, ʻaʻole nani.
5, haʻahaʻa ka hopena kala waena o nā aniani heluhelu, ʻaʻole me ka lens hoʻololi kala.
6, ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā lens kūloko a me nā mea i lawe ʻia mai: ʻoi aku ka lohi ma mua o nā lens i lawe ʻia mai, lohi lohi, hohonu ka waihoʻoluʻu, lawe ʻia mai nā kala palupalu.
ʻO nā leki anti-radiation:
I loko o ka mea lens e hoʻohui i nā mea kūikawā a i ʻole ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni anti-reflective kūikawā, ke kāohi ʻana i ke kukui radiation e hoʻomaha i ka luhi o ka maka.
Nā lens Aspherical:
He mokulele o ka pōʻai (e like me ka parabola) i loaʻa ka ʻāpana like ʻole ma luna o nā meridian a pau.ʻAʻohe ʻino ka ʻike maka a ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka 1/3 ma mua o nā lens maʻamau (ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka prism).
Polarizing lens:
Ua kapa ʻia kahi lens me ka mālamalama e haʻalulu i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao wale nō he lens polarizing.
ʻO ke kumu o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lens polarizing: e ālai i ka ʻālohilohi o ka mālamalama i ʻike ʻia ma kahi pālahalaha.
'Ōlelo no ka hoʻohana:
(1) ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka paʻa, pili lōʻihi me ka wai, maʻalahi ka hāʻule ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
(2) i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ke aniani aniani, inā he koʻikoʻi kūloko, e hoʻopilikia ia i kona hopena polarization.
ʻāpana māmā pālua
Nā hiʻohiʻona: ʻelua mau kiko kiko ma ka lens hoʻokahi, a he lens liʻiliʻi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma luna o kahi lens maʻamau;Hoʻohana ʻia no nā poʻe maʻi me ka presbyopia e ʻike i kahi mamao a kokoke;ʻO ka luna ke kukui i ka nānā ʻana i kahi mamao (i kekahi manawa palahalaha), a ʻo ke kukui haʻahaʻa ka mālamalama ke heluhelu;Ua kapa ʻia ka waiwai mamao he kukui luna, ʻo ke kumu kūʻai kokoke i kapa ʻia ʻo ke kukui haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kukui o luna a me lalo he ADD (mālamalama hoʻohui).
Pōmaikaʻi: ʻAʻole pono nā poʻe maʻi presbyopia e pani i nā aniani ke ʻike lākou i kahi kokoke a mamao.
Nā pōʻino: ʻike i kahi mamao a ʻike kokoke i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wā e lele ana i ka hanana (prism effect);He ʻokoʻa loa ia mai nā lens maʻamau i ka helehelena.ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ke kahua o ka ʻike.
E like me ke ʻano o ka ʻāpana māmā ma lalo o ka lens bifocal, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i:
He olinolino
Nā hiʻohiʻona: kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ka malamalama, liʻiliʻi kiʻi lele hanana, liʻiliʻi waihoʻoluʻu aberration, nui lihi mānoanoa, nani hopena, nui kaumaha.
Pāpā pālua māmā
Māmā pālua Dome (kukui pālua ʻike ʻole)
Nā ʻano: ʻaʻole maopopo ka laina palena;ʻAʻole e piʻi aʻe ka mānoanoa o ka lihi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae hoʻohana kokoke;Akā ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka lele kiʻi
Nā lens multifocus holomua
Nā hiʻohiʻona: Nui nā kiko kiko ma ka lens hoʻokahi;Hoʻololi ke degere o ka pūʻulu holomua i waenakonu o ka lens mai luna a lalo.
Pōmaikaʻi: hiki i ka lens like ke ʻike i kahi mamao, waena a kokoke;ʻAʻohe palena maopopo o ka lens, no laila ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke ʻike ʻia.Mai ka ʻaoʻao kū o ka ʻāpana waena o nā maka ʻaʻole manaʻo i ka lele ʻana.
Nā hemahema: Ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe;He paʻakikī ka ho'āʻo;Aia nā wahi makapō ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka lens;Leni mānoanoa, maʻamau 1.50 mea resin (1.60 hou)
Hoʻohālikelike i nā hiʻohiʻona ma waena o nā lens bifocal a me ka asymptotic multi-focus lens
Māmā pālua:
(1) Aia nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana like ʻole.ʻAʻole nani ka hiʻohiʻona, e hāʻawi ana i nā poʻe i ka manaʻo he ʻelemakule ka mea hoʻohana
(2) ka mamao waena, e like me: pāʻani mahjong, etc.
(3) Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kiko kikoʻī ʻelua, ka hopena i nā pilikia ʻike: kiʻi ʻia a lele paha, i loaʻa i ka mea hoʻohana ka manaʻo o ka hehi ʻana i ka hakahaka, ʻaʻohe hilinaʻi e hele ma ke alapiʻi a ma waena o nā alanui.
(4) Ua kaupalena ka hoʻohana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea.
Nā ʻanuʻu:
(1) Mai kahi mamao a kokoke i ka laina ʻike ʻole, akaka ka mamao waena.
(2) Nani ka helehelena, ʻaʻohe manawa i ʻike ʻia.
(3) Lele me ke kiʻi ʻole, hele wiwo ʻole ma nā alapiʻi a ma waena o nā alanui.
(4) Ke ulu nei ka hoʻolālā a me nā mea hana.
(5) ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ka lens hoʻokahi.
(6) Hoʻopau i ka luhi o ka maka a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino ʻike.
He kūpono nā lens hoʻonohonoho nui i nā mea
(1) Presbyopia, ʻoi aku ka presbyopia mua.
(2) ʻO ka poʻe i ʻoluʻolu ʻole i ke komo ʻana i ʻelua mau aniani (ʻike mamao a ʻike kokoke).
(3) ʻO ka poʻe ʻoluʻolu ʻole i ke komo ʻana i nā bifocal kuʻuna.
(4) ʻO nā maʻi myopia ʻōpio.
ʻOihana:
He kūpono no: nā mea hoʻololi maka pinepine, nā polopeka (haʻiʻōlelo), nā luna (hui), nā mea hale kūʻai, nā mea pāʻani kāleka.
ʻAʻole maikaʻi: he niho niho, uila a me nā limahana mālama mīkini (pono pinepine e pani i ka strabismus a nānā i luna), lōʻihi ka manawa hana kokoke, inā makemake ʻoe i ke poʻo wikiwiki wikiwiki, inā paha e pono ke kokoke i ka hihio ke nānā aku i luna, e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka ka papaʻaina a i ʻole ka papa ma ka paia (nā mea hoʻokele a me nā mea hana wai wai, nā mea hana mea kani nui), inā paha e nānā i lalo i kahi ʻike mamao (nā limahana hana, etc.)
Physiologically:
He kūpono no: ke kūlana maka a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ke kanaka maʻamau, ʻelua makaaniani degere ʻokoʻa kanaka liʻiliʻi, myopia ʻohana makaaniani
ʻAʻole maikaʻi: strabismus a i ʻole strabismus huna ʻia, pale ka eyelid hypertrophic i ka laina o ka ʻike, kiʻekiʻe astigmatism, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o luna a me ADD kiʻekiʻe o ka poʻe.
Ma ka makahiki:
He kūpono no: nā poʻe maʻi presbyopia mua ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki (maʻalahi ke hoʻololi ma muli o ka haʻahaʻa o ADD)
ʻAʻole maikaʻi: I kēia manawa, kiʻekiʻe ka ADD o ka pāʻani mua ma Kina.Inā ʻoi aku ka ADD ma mua o 2.5d, pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ke kūlana physiological.
Mai ka moʻolelo o ke komo ʻana i nā aniani:
He kūpono no: nā mea hoʻohana mua i nā bifocals, myopic presbyopia (myopic progressive multi-focus lens ka mea maʻalahi loa e hoʻololi i)
ʻAʻole kūpono: ʻaʻole ʻaʻahu ka mea mua i ka lens astigmatism, i kēia manawa ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke degere astigmatism a i ʻole ka mōʻaukala o ke komo ʻana i ka lens akā ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka astigmatism (maʻamau ma mua o 2.00d);Anisometropia;
Pehea e wehewehe ai i nā kuhikuhi hoʻohana i nā malihini
(1) E hoʻolauna i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke degere o ka lens a me ka puʻunaue aberration
(2) Ke kau ka mea kūʻai i nā maka, e alakaʻi i ka mea kūʻai aku e ʻimi i ka wahi ʻike maikaʻi loa ma ka neʻe ʻana i ke kūlana poʻo (e hoʻoneʻe i nā maka i luna a i lalo, e neʻe i ke poʻo hema a ʻākau)
(3) maʻamau 3-14 lā o ka manawa hoʻololi, no laila ua hoʻokumu ka lolo i kahi reflex conditioned, hoʻololi mālie (hoʻohui i ke degere, lōʻihi ka manawa hoʻololi).
Nā hōʻailona o nā pilikia me nā lens holomua
Heʻuʻuku loa ka wahi heluhelu
Pohina kokoke i ka hihio
ʻO ka noʻonoʻo, ka manaʻo undulating, ka manaʻo auwana, ka manaʻo haʻalulu
ʻO ka hihiʻo mamao a me nā mea pohihihi
Huli a honi i kou poʻo e ʻike i ka heluhelu ʻana
Nā kumu o nā pilikia me nā lens holomua
Hewa ka mamao ma waena o kekahi haumāna maka
ʻAʻole pololei ke kiʻekiʻe o ka lens
Diopter hewa
Hewa ke koho kiʻi a me ke komo ʻana
ʻO kahi hoʻololi i ke arc kumu (ʻo ka palahalaha maʻamau)
E aʻo i ka mea kūʻai aku e hoʻohana i ka lens holomua
(1) Hoʻohana i kahi mamao
"E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i kahi lōʻihi a nānā i ka ʻike maopopo" e hōʻike ana i nā loli i ka ʻike mamao pohihihi a maopopo i ka neʻe ʻana o ka auwae i luna a i lalo.
(2) Hoʻohana i kahi wahi hoʻohana kokoke
"E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ka nūpepa a nānā i kahi āu e ʻike maopopo ai."E hōʻike i nā loli i ka ʻike i ka neʻe ʻana o kou poʻo mai kēlā ʻaoʻao a i kēia ʻaoʻao a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana i kahi nūpepa.
(3) Hoʻohana i ka ʻāpana waena
"E ʻoluʻolu e nānā i ka nūpepa a nānā i kahi āu e ʻike maopopo ai."E hoʻoneʻe i ka nūpepa i waho e hoʻonui i ka mamao heluhelu.E hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻike pohihihi ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūlana poʻo a i ʻole ka neʻe ʻana i ka nūpepa.E hōʻike i nā loli i ka ʻike i ka neʻe ʻana i ke poʻo a i ʻole ka nūpepa ʻaoʻao i kekahi ʻaoʻao.
ʻElima, kekahi mau palena nui o ka lens
ʻO ka helu hoʻopaʻapaʻa
Hoʻoholo ʻia ka index refractive o ka lens e ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia.Ua like nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka lens me kahi kuhikuhi refractive kiʻekiʻe.
Lens diopter (vertex focus)
I nā ʻāpana D, ua like ka 1D me ka mea i kapa ʻia he 100 degere.
Mānoanoa waena o nā leki (T)
No ka mea like a me ka luminosity, hoʻoholo pololei ka mānoanoa waena i ka mānoanoa lihi o ka lens.Ma ka manaʻo, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mānoanoa waena, ʻoi aku ka lahilahi o ka nānā ʻana o ka lens, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka mānoanoa waena.
1. He palupalu nā lens, palekana i ka ʻaʻahu a paʻakikī hoʻi i ka hana a lawe ʻia.
2. Hiki ke hoʻololi i ka luminosity waena.No laila, pili ka hoʻoponopono ʻāina i ka mānoanoa waena o ka lens, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka lens kūpono maoli.Palekana waena mānoanoa o ka aniani aniani >0.7mm Palekana waena mānoanoa o ka resin lens >1.1mm
ʻO ke anawaena lens
E pili ana i ke anawaena o ka leki poepoe.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ke anawaena o ka lens, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mea hana e hoʻopaʻa pololei i ka mamao o ka haumāna.
ʻO ka nui o ke anawaena, ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ke kikowaena
ʻOi aku ka nui o ke anawaena o ka lens, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai kūpono
ʻEono, ʻenehana anti - film
(1) keakea o ka malamalama;No laila ua hoʻohālikelike ka uhi ʻana i ka mālamalama a ʻike ʻia ka lens i ka puʻupuʻu māmā a me ka pahu.
(2) Nā kūlana no ka hana ʻana i ka nui noʻonoʻo o ka lens zero (monolayer film):
A. Ua like ka huina hoonui o ka mea i uhi ia me ke kumu huinahalike o ka huina hoonui o ka mea lens.Ke n=1.523, n1=1.234.
B. ʻO ka mānoanoa o ka uhi ʻana he 1/4 o ka nalu o ke kukui hanana, ʻo ka nalu melemele he 550nm, a ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka uhi ʻana he 138 nm.
(3) Hoʻopili i nā mea a me nā ʻano hana
Mea: MgF2, Sb2O3, SiO2
Nā Hana: Hoʻomāmā ma lalo o ka mahu wela wela
(4) Nā hiʻohiʻona o ka lens i uhi ʻia
Pono: hoʻomaikaʻi i ka transmittance, hoʻonui i ka mālamalama;Nani, ʻaʻohe noʻonoʻo maopopo;E ho'ēmi i nā vortex o nā lens (ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā vortex e ka mālamalama i ʻike ʻia mai ka ʻaoʻao o ka lens e ʻike pinepine ana i mua a me hope o ka lens i nā manawa he nui);Wehe i ka hoʻopunipuni (ʻo ka ʻili o loko o ka lens e ʻae i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka mālamalama i hana ʻia ma hope o ia i loko o ka maka, kahi maʻalahi e hana i ka luhi ʻike);Hoʻonui i ke kūʻē ʻana i ke kukui ʻino (hōʻike maikaʻi ʻia ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā lens membraneless).
ʻO nā hemahema: nā ʻaila hinu, nā manamana lima e noʻonoʻo pono ai;ʻIke ʻia ke kala o ke kiʻi mai ka ʻaoʻao Angle
ʻEhiku, koho lens
Ke koi nei ka mea kūʻai aku no ka lens: nani, ʻoluʻolu a palekana
Nani a lahilahi: refractive index, mechanical strength
ʻO ke kūpaʻa: ʻaʻahu kūʻē, ʻaʻohe deformation
Non-reflective: hoʻohui kiʻiʻoniʻoni
ʻAʻole lepo: kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai
Māmā ʻoluʻolu:
ʻO nā waiwai optical maikaʻi: ka transmittance māmā, dispersion index, dyeability
Palekana uv a me ka hopena
Pehea e kōkua ai i nā mea kūʻai aku e koho i nā lens:
1. E koho i nā mea e like me nā koi
Ke kū'ē i ka hopena: hoʻokō i ka ho'āʻo SAFETY o ka maʻamau FDA, ʻaʻole hiki ke haki ka lens.
Lens keʻokeʻo: maikaʻi ka polymerization kaʻina, haʻahaʻa melemele index, ʻaʻole maʻalahi i ka ʻelemakule, nani ke ʻano.
Māmā: haʻahaʻa ka umekaumaha kikoʻī, ʻoluʻolu a ʻoluʻolu ka mea nāna e hoʻohana, ʻaʻohe kaomi ma ka ihu.
ʻAʻahu kūʻokoʻa: ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana paʻakikī silicon oxide, kona pale ʻana kokoke i ke aniani.
2. E koho i ka huahelu refractive e like me ka luminosity o ka mea kūʻai aku
3, e like me ka mea kūʻai aku pono e koho i ka pono ili lapaau
4. E koho i nā hōʻailona e like me ke kumukūʻai psychological o nā mea kūʻai
5. Nā koi ʻē aʻe
Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka papa inoa o nā ʻano lens a pau ma muli o ke kūlana maoli o ka hale kūʻai, me:
1. Ka papa helu o nā huahana e kū nei
2, hiki ke hoʻopilikino ʻia i ka ʻāpana ʻāpana o ka hale hana, ka pōʻai
3. Nā leka hiki ʻole ke hana ʻia
Nā hemahema: paʻakikī ka hana ʻana;Maʻalahi ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ka paʻa wela maikaʻi ʻole, 100 degere Celsius hoʻololi
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-01-2021